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 Fractional distillation: The seperation of differnet substances on the base of boiling points in the presence of oxygen. Petrolleum products ara seperate by fractional distillation. Destructive distillation: It is a process in which substances are heated in the limited supply of air.

 The burning of coal in the absence of air or in limited supply of air under high pressure and temperature. By the process of carbonization coal is formed under the earth.  The simplest example is that when you dump the piece of wood in the garbage of waste of animals after 15 to 20 days it starts converting in coal like formation. It is a destructive distillation process.

 Purity of gold is check in carrat  24 carrat is the purest gold it is 100% gold If 22 carrat then it means 22 parts gold and 2 parts is copper for the manufacturing of jewelley  Mostly 21 carrat gold is used to make jewellry. Gold is a noble matel.

 Hydrogenation Hydrogenation is a process in which hydrogen is added to unsaturated compounds to make them saturated.  Hydrogenolysis  In hydogenolysis hydrogenation takes place by bond cleavage in the presence of catalyst.

 Amphoteric compounds are those which behave like acid as well as base. Best example is water  H2O + NH3------------> NH4+ + OH- In this reaction water act as a acid because it donates proton to the base. H2O + HCl------------> H3O+  + Cl- In this reaction water is a base because it accepts proton from acid.

 Hydrogen is water former hydro means water and genous means former  Hydrogen is typically non metal Hydrogen has negative oxidation in hydirdes Hydogen both loose and gain electrone.

 When an acid react with metals then in the result respective salt of metal formed and hydrogen gas is released.  Following is the example  Mg + H2SO4 ------------>  MgSO4 + H2 During this reaction energy is released so it is a exothermic reaction.